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感谢广西师范大学外国语学院组织的翻译工作 【英文】
The Stone-Carved Map of the City Wall and Moat of Jingjiang Prince
Residence in the Southern Song Dynasty
The Stone-Carved Map of the City Wall and Moat of Jingjiang Prince Residence
in the Southern Song Dynasty was located on the southern hillside of the Parrot Hill
at the North Gate, standing 3.38 meters high by 3.24 meters wide. Above the map
is the inscription of the titles of the four officials in charge of the construction of
the city. According to the recorded details on the top of the map, they have been
confirmed to be Li Zengbo, Zhu Disun, Zhao Yushuang and Hu Ying. Accordingly, it
is ascertained that this map was carved under the leadership of Hu Ying, assuming
zhijingjiangfu (the Prefect of Jingjiangfu Prefecture) in the Southern Song Dynasty,
when he was in charge of the building of the city wall and moat, and was completed
in the 8th year of Hanchun Period (1272 C.E). With the scale being 1:1000 in the
direction from the north to the south, 1:750 in the direction from the east to the
west, this planar map provides information about the scale of the city wall and
moat of Guilin and the layout of the city during the late years of the Southern Song
Dynasty. Moreover, being the first one of its kind, it is marked in detail with 36
drawing signs and symbols corresponding to the hills, the waters, the city, the moat,
the gates, the buildings, the ditches, the canals, the pavilions, the platforms, the
governmental agencies, the military stockades, the roads, the bridges and the plants
of the city respectively. It also recorded the historical expansion of the city that
between the 6th year of Baoyou Period (1258 C.E.) and the the 7th year of Xianchun
Period (1271 C.E.), in order to defend against the intrusion of the Mongolian army,
Guilin City was extended to the bank along the Li River at its east end, to the Green
Belt Bridge to its south end, to the Liuma Hill and the Old Man Hill to its west end,
and to the Parrot Hill and the Tiefeng Hill to its north end, forming a layout based on
the city’s geographical features --- “walls against hills, the moat linking the river”.
It is a big city map which was drawn in early times and has been so well preserved
that it is the biggest planar map of ancient Chinese cities found in China so far,
being rare in the world particularly as a stone-carved map. Meanwhile, it is of great
significance to the study of ancient city constructions, local history, military defense
and the history of Chinese Cartography.
The City Wall and the Moat of Guilin originally built by Li Jing, “the
Heaven Marshal Holding a Tower”
(the namesake of the Chinese Mythological character who is called
“the Heaven Marshal holding a tower in the left hand”)
Li Jing, styled himself Yaoshi, born in Sanyuan, Yongzhou Prefecture (the present
Sanyuan County of Shanxi Province), was conferred Weiguo Gong (a high- rank
official title equivalent to a duke) by Emperor Taizong in the Tang Dynasty in 11th
year of Zhenguan Period (637 C.E.). At the end of the 4th year of Wude Period (621
C.E.), Li Jing was sent to Guizhou Prefecture (the present Guilin) to persuade the
regional regimes set up by separatists including Feng Ang and Li Guangdu to accept
amnesty and serve the emperor. During this period, he received the imperial edict
which declared that he was conferred Appeasing Envoy in charge of the area of
Lingnan (an administrative district under the jurisdiction of Guangzhou in the Tang
Dynasty) and Acting Chief Governor of Guizhou Prefecture. (In Biography 17 of Jiu
Tang Shu (Old History of the Tang Dynasty, it is recorded that, “When Li Jing arrived
at Guizhou Prefecture, he had officials manage to make regional regimes accept
amnesty … he adopted tactics of praise and encouragement. Then he was conferred
Appeasing Envoy of the Lingnan Dao and the acting Chief Governor of Guizhou
Prefecture.”) Li Jing believed that the local people in Guzhoui Prefecture were
ignorant of rules and uncivilized for having been isolated from the capital in the
remote south of the country. Especially since the big turmoil in the late Sui Dynasty,
this area had never been favored by the imperial court, so it would be very hard to
make the local people obedient and disciplined without instructing them to observe
rules and civilized institutions and displaying them the imperial military power.
Therefore, he launched a south trip with his army starting from Guizhou Prefecture.
On his trip, he cared about the local people’s livelihood, was concerned about their
suffering, and visited the prestigious senior men in person so that he won the local
people’s support. The society was stable and peaceful as a result. (In Biography 18
of Xin Tang Shu (New History of the Tang Dynasty), it is recorded that, “Considering
this prefecture was remote and the people had been left ignorant of rules and civil
institutions for a long time, he decided to display the imperial military power and
instruct them rites and morality to change the local way by launching a trip south
with his army. On his trip, he showed his concern for the local people’s sufferings
and visited prestigious senior men in person, declaring the emperor’s favor. In this
way, he succeeded in making the local people willingly obedient and cultivated.”).
In addition to focusing on maintaining social stability and caring for the livelihood
of people, after selecting the area between the west bank along the Li River and the
southeast of the Solitary Beauty Peak (about the entrance to today’s Guilin’s East-
west Alley) as the center of the city, Li Jing took up building the city wall and the
moat, which formed the first basic shape of the present Jingjiang Prince Residence.
Guizhou Prefecture was also called Yacheng City and Sub-city then. Originally the
city called “Shi’an Prefecture City”, 1.6524 km in circumference by 3.5 meters high,
had four city gates: the Tengxian Gate, the Dongjiang Gate, the Shunqing Gate and
the Guizhou Gate, where the government agencies were located respectively. In
addition, the Qinglin Temple (a Buddhist Temple) and the Banyan Gate were built
in this period. (In the History of Guilin Geographic Conditions and Social Customs,
it is recorded that, “The sub-city of Guizhou Prefecture, built by Weiguo Gong, was
called Shi’an Prefecture City.” “It was located in the west bank of the Li River, 1.6524
km in circumference by 3.5 meters high, with four entrances: the Tengxian Gate,
the Dongjiang Gate, the Jingjiang Gate, the Shunqing Gate. Meanwhile, the Qinglin
Buddhist Temple and the Banyan were built. This city layout was the forerunner of
city walls and moats in Guilin.”)
Under the governance of Li Jing, Guilin then was called “The Small Chang’an”. In
the Poetry of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Shuqing compared Cangwu Prefecture to a
“small Chang’an” in his poem Trip to Guizhou Prefecture. The poem goes that, “Don’
t ask how far is the Cangwu Prefecture. In the current turbulent times, such a remote
place which is free of the invasion of the army of Hu (the northern nomadic tribes
in ancient China) can be compared to “Minor Chang’ an”. The local people of later
generations have been so grateful to Li Jing’s policy of benevolence that a temple
(called the Li Weigong Temple) was built to commemorate him and for visitors to
offer sacrifices to him by the side of the Xunyuan Bridge (the present Lihe Fair)
at the north foot of the Seven- Star Hill. The present Liuhe Fair at Lingjian Road
originated from the local people’s spontaneous sacrificial rites to commemorate Li
Weigong (Li Duke).
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